BASIC ENGINE TERMINOLOGY  

1. TDC 

       This refers to the position of the crankshaft when the piston is in its topmost position. ie, the position closest to the cylinder head


2. BDC
        This refers to the position of the crankshaft when the piston is in its lowest position ie, the position farthest  to the cylinder head
3. BORE 
     Diameter of the engine Cylinder

4. STROKE
    Distance travelled by the piston From TDC to BDC 
5. Clearance Volume 
        The volume of cylinder (including the combustion chamber) above the piston when it is in the TDC position is reffered to as the  Clearance Volume 
6. Piston  Displacememt 
     This is the volume by the piston in moving from TDC to BDC. This is also called swept volume. If 'd' is the cylinder bore and 's' the stroke, the piston displacement, Vs is given by 
                                                            Vs = 3.14*d*d*s
7. Engine Capacity 
      This is the total swept volume of all cylinder. 'n' is the total no of cylinder , Vs is the piston displacement . Then engine CC 
                                                     Vd =  Vs*n 
8. Compression Ratio 
9. Mean Effective Pressure 
10. Power
11. Indicated power 
12. Brake Power 
13.Engine Torque 

AUTOMOBILE

                 AUTOMOBILE HISTORY
         The first practical automobile with a petrol engine was built by Karl Benz in 1885 in Mannheim, Germany. Benz was granted a patent for his automobile on 29 January 1886, and began the first production of automobiles in 1888, after Bertha Benz, his wife, had proved with the first long-distance trip in August 1888 (104 km (65 mi) from Mannheim to Pforzheim and back) that the horseless coach was absolutely suitable for daily use. Since 2008 a Bertha Benz Memorial Route commemorates this event.

Soon after, in 1889, Gottlieb Daimler and Wilhelm Maybach in Stuttgart designed a vehicle from scratch to be an automobile, rather than ahorse-drawn carriage fitted with an engine. They also are usually credited as inventors of the first motorcycle, the Daimler Reitwagen, in 1885, but Italy's Enrico Bernardi, of the University of Padua, in 1882, patented a 0.024 horsepower (17.9 W) 122 cc (7.4 cu in) one-cylinder petrol motor, fitting it into his son's tricycle, making it at least a candidate for the first automobile, and first motorcycle.^[1]:p.26 Bernardi enlarged the tricycle in 1892 to carry two adults.^[1]:p.26

Until 2005, the U.S.A. led the world in total automobile production. In 1929 before the Great Depression, the world had 32,028,500 automobiles in use, and the US automobile industry produced over 90% of them. At that time the U.S. had one car per 4.87 persons.^[2] In 2006, Japan narrowly passed the U.S. in production and held this rank until 2009, when China took the top spot with 13.8 million units. By producing 18.3 million units in 2010, China produced nearly twice the number of second place Japan (9.6 million units), with the U.S. in third place with 7.8 million units.^[3]